Japanese Business Glossary

共済掛金 (kyosai kakekin) refers to the premium or contribution paid into a mutual aid association or cooperative insurance system in Japan. These systems are designed to provide members with financial support in times of need, such as during illness, accident, or other unforeseen events. Members of a mutual aid association regularly pay these premiums, which collectively form a fund used to support those in the community who require assistance. This system emphasizes mutual support and communal risk-sharing, ensuring that all members can access necessary resources when needed.

前渡金 (maewatashikin) refers to an advance payment or prepayment made before the receipt of goods or services in Japan. This payment is typically used to secure a purchase or service, ensuring that the supplier or service provider has funds upfront to commence or continue their work. It is commonly used in various business transactions, including construction projects, manufacturing orders, and service contracts. By providing maewatashikin, the buyer demonstrates commitment to the transaction, and the seller gains financial assurance to proceed with the necessary preparations or production. This practice helps maintain trust and smooth operations in business dealings.

端数 (hasu) refers to a fractional or leftover amount in Japanese, often used in financial and accounting contexts. It typically denotes small remainders or digits that do not round up to a whole number. For instance, when dealing with currency, hasu might represent amounts less than one yen, such as a fraction of a yen in interest calculations. In other contexts, hasu can refer to any small, leftover quantity after division, such as in inventory or measurements. Managing hasu is important for accuracy in financial records, pricing, and inventory management, ensuring precise and transparent accounting practices.

移管 (ikan) refers to the transfer or handover of authority, responsibility, or assets from one party to another in Japan. This term is often used in various contexts, such as business, government, and legal settings. For instance, in a corporate environment, ikan might involve transferring a department or project management from one team to another. In the context of public administration, it could refer to the transfer of administrative duties or services from one governmental body to another. The process of ikan aims to ensure a smooth and efficient transition, minimizing disruptions and maintaining continuity in operations or services.

特別会計 (tokubetsu kaikei) refers to a special account or budget used by government entities in Japan to manage funds designated for specific purposes separate from the general budget. These special accounts are established to handle financial activities that are distinct and self-contained, such as public pensions, social insurance programs, or infrastructure projects. The use of tokubetsu kaikei allows for more precise tracking and management of funds, ensuring that they are used exclusively for their intended purposes. This system helps maintain transparency and accountability in public finance, as it separates ordinary government expenditures from those requiring special oversight and administration.

請書 (ukesho) refers to a written document or pledge in Japan, often used to confirm an agreement, request, or promise. This document is typically signed by the involved parties to formalize their commitment to certain terms or conditions. Ukesho is commonly used in various contexts, such as business transactions, legal agreements, or employment contracts, to ensure clarity and mutual understanding of the responsibilities and expectations. By creating a ukesho, parties can prevent misunderstandings and provide a tangible record of their agreement, which can be referred to in case of disputes or the need for clarification. It serves as a formal and legally binding record of the commitments made by each party.