Japanese Business Glossary

正本 (seihon) and 副本 (fukuhon) are Japanese terms that translate to "original copy" and "duplicate copy" (or "duplicate") respectively in English.

正本 refers to the original document or official copy of a document that has been officially issued, signed, or sealed. This is the primary copy that holds legal or official authority.

副本 refers to a duplicate or a secondary copy of the original document. It is usually made for reference, record-keeping, or backup purposes. While it may not have the same legal standing as the 正本, it serves as an important document for administrative and operational use.

In legal, business, and administrative contexts, ensuring that both 正本 and 副本 are properly managed and stored is crucial for maintaining accurate records and complying with legal requirements.

個人事業主 (kojin jigyounushi) refers to a "sole proprietor" or "individual business owner" in English. 売上 (uriage) means "sales" or "revenue" in English. It refers to the total income generated from selling goods or services before any expenses are deducted.

Therefore, 個人事業主 売上 (kojin jigyounushi uriage) refers to the sales or revenue generated by a sole proprietor or individual business owner. This term highlights the total amount of money received from business activities, such as selling products or providing services, before accounting for business expenses. Managing and tracking uriage is crucial for kojin jigyounushi to understand their business performance and financial health.

書面 (shomen) is a Japanese term that translates to "written document" or "letter" in English. It refers to any form of communication or record that is documented in writing. This can include official documents, letters, contracts, reports, and any other type of formal or informal written correspondence.

In legal and business contexts, 書面 is often used to ensure clarity, provide evidence, and create a formal record of agreements, decisions, or communications. It is important for maintaining accountability and transparency in various transactions and interactions.

協議 (kyogi) in Japanese means "discussion," "consultation," "conference," or "negotiation." It refers to the process of discussing and consulting on a particular matter to reach an agreement or make a decision. In business and legal contexts, kyogi is essential for resolving disputes, making collaborative decisions, and formulating plans or policies. It involves multiple parties engaging in dialogue, sharing their perspectives, and working together to find a mutually acceptable solution. Effective kyogi is crucial for successful cooperation and smooth operations in both professional and personal settings.

相談役 (sodanyaku) in Japanese means "advisor" or "counselor." This term typically refers to a senior individual, often a former executive or experienced professional, who provides guidance and advice to a company or organization. The role of a sodanyaku is to offer insights based on their extensive experience, helping with strategic decisions, solving complex problems, and mentoring current executives. They do not usually have direct management responsibilities but play a crucial advisory role, ensuring that the company benefits from their expertise and wisdom in navigating business challenges and opportunities.

適用 (tekiyo) in Japanese means "application" or "adoption." It refers to the act of applying a rule, law, policy, or procedure to a particular situation or context. In a legal or regulatory context, tekiyo might involve implementing a new regulation or standard within an organization. In everyday use, it can refer to applying a solution to a problem or using a specific method to achieve a desired outcome. Understanding the appropriate tekiyo of rules and practices is essential for ensuring compliance, efficiency, and effectiveness in various professional and personal activities.