Japanese Business Glossary

当該 (togai) is a Japanese term used to refer to a specific subject, object, or matter being discussed or indicated. It translates to "the relevant" or "the concerned" in English and is often used in formal writing, legal documents, and official contexts to specify the particular item or issue in question.

For example, in legal texts, togai might be used to refer to "the relevant law" or "the concerned party." In business documents, it could refer to "the relevant department" or "the concerned contract."

In summary, togai is a term used to denote the specific subject, object, or matter that is relevant to the context of the discussion or document.

交換 (kokan) refers to the act of exchanging or trading something in Japan. This term is used in various contexts to describe the mutual giving and receiving of items, services, or information between parties.

In a business context, kokan can refer to the exchange of goods or services between companies or individuals. For example, companies might exchange products or services as part of a barter agreement, where no money changes hands but the value of the exchanged items is considered equivalent.

In a social context, kokan might involve the exchange of gifts or personal items. For example, friends might exchange presents during holidays or special occasions.

In an academic or informational context, kokan can refer to the exchange of knowledge or data. This might involve researchers sharing findings, students exchanging notes, or professionals sharing expertise.

The concept of kokan emphasizes reciprocity and mutual benefit, with both parties involved in the exchange receiving something of value.

In summary, kokan is the act of exchanging or trading items, services, or information in various contexts, emphasizing reciprocity and mutual benefit.

以降 (iko) is a Japanese term that means "from [a certain point] onward" or "after [a certain point]." It is used to indicate a time or position in a sequence after a specific reference point. The term is often used in various contexts to describe events, actions, or conditions that occur or continue after a particular time or event.

For example, it can be used to refer to times, such as "after 10 o'clock" (10時以降, Ju-ji iko), dates, such as "from April 1st onward" (4月1日以降, Shigatsu Tsuitachi iko), or levels, such as "from level 3 onward" (レベル3以降, Reberu San iko).

陳述書 (chinjutsusho) refers to a written statement or affidavit in Japan. This document is used to present facts, statements, or evidence in a formal and organized manner, often within a legal or administrative context. The person making the statement, known as the declarant, signs the document to affirm that the information provided is true to the best of their knowledge.

Chinjutsusho can be used in various situations, including legal proceedings, administrative matters, and business transactions. In legal proceedings, it may be submitted as evidence or testimony, allowing the declarant to provide their account of events. In administrative processes, such as immigration or regulatory compliance, it can provide necessary information or clarify details. In business, it may document agreements, transactions, or statements of fact between parties.

The content of an chinjutsusho typically includes a clear and detailed account of the relevant facts, the purpose of the statement, and any supporting evidence or documentation. The declarant must sign and date the document, and in some cases, it may need to be notarized or witnessed to be considered legally binding.

帳 (cho) refers to a book, ledger, or register in Japan. This term is commonly used to describe various types of bound volumes used for recording information, accounts, or transactions. The context in which 帳 is used can vary, but it generally signifies a formal or organized collection of written entries.

In accounting, a cho might refer to a ledger or account book where financial transactions are recorded systematically. Businesses use these ledgers to track income, expenses, and other financial activities, ensuring accurate and organized financial records.

In other contexts, cho can refer to different types of books or registers. For example, a notebook used for personal records, a guest book for visitors to sign, or an inventory book for listing items. The term can also extend to traditional books or scrolls used in historical or cultural settings.

人妻 (hitozuma) refers to a married woman in Japan. The term combines hito (人), meaning person, with tsuma (妻), meaning wife. Thus, it specifically denotes a woman who is someone's wife.

In everyday usage, hitozuma simply indicates a woman who is married, often emphasizing her status in relation to her spouse and family. It can be used in both formal and informal contexts to describe a woman's marital status.

In some contexts, particularly in literature, media, or certain genres of entertainment, the term hitozuma may carry additional connotations related to her roles and responsibilities within the household or her social status as a married woman.