信義則 (shingi soku) refers to the principle of good faith in Japan. This legal concept mandates that parties engage in honest and fair dealings in their contractual and legal relationships. It emphasizes trust, fairness, and integrity, ensuring that parties act in a manner that is reasonable and just, avoiding deceit or unfair advantage.

In the context of contracts and obligations, shingi soku requires that both parties fulfill their duties and exercise their rights in a way that respects the mutual trust and reliance inherent in their relationship. This principle is fundamental in Japanese civil law and influences various aspects of legal and business interactions, promoting a culture of ethical conduct and reliability.

保証債務 (hosho saimu) refers to a guarantee obligation in Japan. This term describes a commitment made by a guarantor to assume responsibility for another party's debt or obligation if that party fails to fulfill their financial obligations. The guarantor essentially promises to repay the debt or perform the obligation on behalf of the debtor.

Hosho saimu is commonly used in various financial and business contexts, such as loan agreements, lease contracts, and business transactions. For example, when an individual or a business applies for a loan, a guarantor may be required to provide a hosho saimu to the lender, assuring that the loan will be repaid even if the borrower defaults.

The guarantor's obligation under this gaurantee obligation becomes effective if the principal debtor fails to meet their obligations. This provides an added layer of security for creditors, as they have a recourse to recover their funds from the guarantor in case of default.

役員 (yakuin) refers to an officer or executive in Japan. This term is used to describe individuals who hold key management positions within an organization, such as directors, board members, or corporate officers. Yakuin are responsible for making strategic decisions, overseeing the company's operations, and ensuring that the organization complies with legal and regulatory requirements.

The roles and responsibilities of yakuin can vary depending on the structure and size of the organization, but they typically include setting policies, managing resources, and representing the company in external matters. In a corporation, a yakuin might include positions such as the president, vice president, chief executive officer (CEO), chief financial officer (CFO), and other senior management roles.

Being a yakuin involves significant responsibility and accountability, as these individuals are entrusted with guiding the organization towards its goals and maintaining its integrity and reputation.

営利 (eiri) refers to profit or for-profit activities in Japan. This term is used to describe business operations or activities that are conducted with the primary aim of generating profit. Companies and organizations engaged in eiri activities focus on making money by providing goods or services in exchange for payment.

In a broader sense, eiri contrasts with non-profit (非営利 = hieiri) activities, which are carried out without the primary goal of making a profit. Non-profit organizations typically focus on social, educational, charitable, or cultural objectives rather than financial gain.

Understanding eiri is essential for distinguishing between different types of organizations and their goals, as it impacts their financial management, taxation, and regulatory requirements.

嘆願書 (tangan sho) refers to a petition or written appeal in Japan. This document is used by individuals or groups to formally request something from authorities, such as the government, an organization, or an official. The petition typically outlines the issue at hand, provides supporting arguments or evidence, and asks for specific actions or decisions.

Tangan sho is often used in various contexts, including seeking legislative changes, requesting administrative actions, or appealing for leniency in legal or administrative matters. It is an important tool for expressing collective concerns or requests and can be signed by multiple people to demonstrate widespread support for the cause.

従業員 (jūgyoin) refers to an employee or staff member in Japan. This term describes individuals who work for a company or organization in exchange for wages or salary. Jugyoin are hired to perform specific tasks or roles as part of the workforce, contributing to the organization's operations and overall objectives.

The term encompasses a wide range of job positions and levels within a company, from entry-level workers to skilled professionals and managers. Companies are responsible for providing their jugyoin (employees) with compensation, benefits, and a safe working environment, as well as complying with labor laws and regulations that protect employees' rights.