マイナンバー制度 (My Number seido) refers to the My Number System in Japan. This system, also known as the Social Security and Tax Number System, was introduced in 2015 to streamline various administrative processes by assigning a unique 12-digit identification number to each resident in Japan, including both Japanese citizens and foreign residents.

The My Number system serves multiple purposes, including accurate and efficient tax collection, facilitating the administration of social security programs such as pensions, health insurance, and welfare services, and aiding in the distribution of aid and services during natural disasters by quickly identifying and verifying affected individuals.

Each resident receives a My Number card, which contains their unique number, name, address, and other personal information. This card can be used for identity verification in various official and administrative procedures, such as opening bank accounts, applying for government services, and filing tax returns.

The My Number system aims to improve administrative efficiency, reduce fraud, and enhance the convenience of accessing government services. However, it also raises concerns about privacy and data security, leading to stringent regulations and safeguards to protect personal information.

公益社団法人 (koeki shadan hojin) refers to a Public Interest Incorporated Association in Japan. This type of legal entity is a nonprofit organization that operates for the public good, engaging in activities that benefit society as a whole. Examples include organizations involved in education, social welfare, culture, and environmental protection.

To obtain this status, an organization must meet certain criteria and receive approval from the relevant government authorities, typically the Cabinet Office or a local government. The organization must demonstrate that its activities serve the public interest and that it is managed in a transparent and accountable manner.

公益社団法人 enjoys certain benefits, such as eligibility for tax exemptions and deductions, which can enhance its ability to raise funds and carry out its mission. The designation also conveys a level of trust and credibility, encouraging public and private support for the organization's activities.

学校法人 (gakko hojin) refers to an educational corporation in Japan. This type of legal entity is specifically established to operate educational institutions such as schools, colleges, and universities.

Gakko hojin are nonprofit organizations that are granted special status to focus on educational activities. They are regulated by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) to ensure they meet certain standards and provide quality education.

The purpose of educational corporations is to manage and support the operation of educational institutions, including the administration, financing, and overall governance. These corporations can own property, enter into contracts, and perform other activities necessary to maintain and develop the educational institutions under their management.

Educational corporation status helps ensure that educational institutions are run with a focus on educational objectives rather than profit, contributing to the public good by providing accessible and high-quality education.

配当金 (haitokin) refers to dividends in Japan. Dividends are payments made by a corporation to its shareholders, usually in the form of cash or additional shares. These payments represent a portion of the company's profits that is distributed to its shareholders as a return on their investment in the company's stock.

Haitokin can be issued on a regular basis, such as quarterly or annually, depending on the company's dividend policy and financial performance. The amount of the dividend is typically determined by the company's board of directors and approved by the shareholders.

Receiving dividends provides shareholders with a source of income and can be an important factor in the overall return on investment from holding a company's stock. Dividends are often seen as a sign of a company's financial health and profitability.

発泡酒 (happoshu) refers to a type of low-malt beer in Japan. It is a beer-like beverage that contains less malt content compared to regular beer. The malt content is typically below 50%, which distinguishes it from traditional beer, known as "ビール" (bīru) in Japan, which has a higher malt content.

Happoshu was initially developed as a response to Japan's beer tax regulations, which tax beverages based on their malt content. By reducing the malt content, brewers can offer 発泡酒 at a lower price than regular beer, making it an affordable alternative for consumers.

The taste and appearance of happoshu are similar to regular beer, but variations can occur due to the different ingredients and brewing processes used to achieve the lower malt content. Despite these differences, happoshu remains a popular choice among consumers seeking a cost-effective beer option.

信書便 (shinshobin) refers to the delivery of written communications or letters in Japan. It is a service regulated by law to ensure the secure and proper handling of personal and confidential written correspondence.

Shinshobin includes various types of mail, such as letters, postcards, and official documents. These services are typically provided by postal services or licensed private delivery companies. The regulation of shinshobin aims to protect the privacy and integrity of the written communications being sent and received.