Japanese Business Glossary

慶弔費 (keichohi) refers to expenses related to ceremonial occasions, both happy and sorrowful, in Japanese business and social contexts. These expenses typically cover costs associated with events such as weddings, births, anniversaries, funerals, and memorial services. Companies and organizations often allocate a budget for keichohi to express condolences or congratulations to employees, business partners, or clients during significant life events.

In a business setting, keichohi may include contributions to wedding gifts, funeral wreaths, condolence money, or expenses for organizing company-wide celebrations or memorials. These expenses are seen as a way to maintain good relationships, show respect, and foster a sense of community and solidarity within the organization or with external partners.

Managing keichohi appropriately reflects the company’s commitment to its social responsibilities and cultural practices, helping to build strong interpersonal bonds and a supportive work environment. It is an important aspect of corporate culture in Japan, where showing empathy and solidarity during personal milestones is highly valued.

精米 (Seimai) refers to polished or milled rice in Japanese. This process involves removing the outer husk, bran layers, and germ of the rice grains, resulting in white rice that is commonly consumed. The process of 精米 enhances the rice's texture and taste, making it softer and easier to cook. However, it also removes some of the nutritional content, such as fiber, vitamins, and minerals found in the bran and germ layers.

In Japan, Seimai is a standard procedure before rice is sold and consumed. There are different degrees of polishing, which can affect the quality and characteristics of the rice. For example, haigamai is partially milled rice that retains more of the bran and germ, providing more nutrients while still being softer than brown rice.

The process of Seimai is crucial in the production of high-quality rice, a staple food in Japanese cuisine, and it ensures that the rice meets the culinary and consumer preferences for taste, appearance, and cooking properties.

現物出資 (genbutsu shusshi) refers to capital contribution in kind, where assets other than cash are used as investment in a company. This can include tangible assets such as real estate, machinery, equipment, or vehicles, as well as intangible assets like intellectual property, patents, or trademarks.

In Japan, the process of genbutsu shusshi involves evaluating the value of the contributed assets to determine their equivalent monetary worth. This valuation must be fair and accurate to ensure that the capital structure of the company reflects the true value of the contributions. Often, a certified public accountant or a professional appraiser may be required to assess the value of these assets to ensure compliance with legal standards and to protect the interests of all stakeholders involved.

Genbutsu shusshi is commonly used in situations where the contributing party may have valuable assets but lacks sufficient cash. It allows companies to acquire necessary resources without immediate cash expenditure and can be a strategic way to leverage existing assets for business growth and development. This method of capital contribution helps diversify the company's asset base and can provide significant operational advantages depending on the nature of the contributed assets.

役員報酬 (Yakuin Hoshu) refers to executive compensation or remuneration paid to directors and officers of a company in Japan. This compensation can include salaries, bonuses, stock options, and other benefits provided to company executives for their services and responsibilities in managing the company.

The determination of Yakuin Hoshu typically involves several factors, including the company's financial performance, the executive's role and responsibilities, market standards, and the overall compensation strategy of the organization. The remuneration is usually decided by the board of directors and may require approval from the shareholders, particularly in publicly traded companies.

透明性 (transparency) and 公正性 (fairness) are crucial in setting Yakuin Hoshu to ensure that the compensation is justified and aligns with the interests of the shareholders and the company's long-term goals. Properly structured executive compensation can help attract and retain talented leaders, motivate performance, and align the interests of executives with those of the company and its stakeholders.

債務 (Saimu) refers to debt or liabilities in Japanese. It encompasses any financial obligation or amount of money that a person, company, or entity owes to another party. This can include loans, bonds, accounts payable, mortgages, and other forms of borrowed money or credit.

In a business context, saimu represents the company's obligations to pay back borrowed funds, purchase inventory on credit, or meet other financial commitments. Managing saimu is crucial for maintaining financial stability and ensuring that the company can meet its obligations without compromising its operational efficiency or financial health.

Saimu is typically classified on the balance sheet under current liabilities (those due within a year) and long-term liabilities (those due after one year). Effective management of saimu involves planning and controlling the repayment of debts, negotiating favorable terms with creditors, and maintaining a balance between borrowing and the company's ability to repay.

免除 (Menjo) refers to exemption or relief from an obligation, duty, or liability in Japanese. This can apply in various contexts, such as legal, financial, or administrative situations, where an individual or entity is released from a specific responsibility or requirement.

For instance, in a legal context, menjo might refer to the cancellation of a debt, where the debtor is no longer required to repay the amount owed. In a tax context, it could mean a tax exemption, where an individual or company is relieved from paying certain taxes under specific conditions. In employment, 免除 might apply to an employee being excused from certain duties or obligations due to special circumstances.

The process and criteria for granting menjo depend on the specific rules and regulations governing the context in which it is applied. It typically requires a formal request and approval from the relevant authority or organization.

Understanding menjo is important as it provides a way to alleviate burdens and ensure fairness in situations where fulfilling an obligation might be unreasonable or impossible. It helps maintain balance and equity in legal, financial, and administrative matters by providing relief to those who qualify for it.