Japanese Business Glossary

卸値 (oroshine) refers to wholesale price. This is the price at which goods are sold in large quantities by manufacturers or distributors to retailers or other businesses, rather than directly to consumers. The wholesale price is typically lower than the retail price, allowing retailers to add a markup and make a profit when they sell the goods to end consumers. Wholesale pricing is an important aspect of supply chain management and helps in determining the cost structure and profitability of products for businesses.

累積 (ruiseki) refers to "cumulative" or "accumulation" in English. It describes the process of gathering or accumulating something over time. This term is often used in various contexts such as finance, statistics, and data analysis to describe the total sum or aggregate of values added together progressively.

For example, in financial statements, ruiseki can refer to cumulative earnings or losses over a period of time. In data analysis, it can describe the cumulative total of data points as they are added together. The concept emphasizes the ongoing addition and accumulation of values to reach a total figure.

償還 (shokan) refers to "repayment" or "redemption" in English. This term is commonly used in finance to describe the process of paying back a loan or debt. It can also refer to the redemption of bonds or other securities when they reach maturity.

For instance, in the context of a loan, shokan would involve making scheduled payments to reduce the principal and interest owed. In the case of bonds, it involves the issuer repaying the bondholders the face value of the bonds when they mature.

参考文献 (sanko bunken) refers to "references" or "bibliography" in English. This term is used in academic and research contexts to describe the list of sources that have been cited or consulted in the creation of a document, paper, or book.

A sanko bunken typically includes detailed information about each source, such as the author's name, title of the work, publication date, and publisher. This allows readers to locate the original sources and verify the information. Including a comprehensive sanko bunken is important for acknowledging the work of other researchers, avoiding plagiarism, and providing a foundation for further study.

おぼえがき (oboegaki) refers to "notes" or "memorandum" in English. It is a term used to describe written reminders, annotations, or short written records that help someone remember important information or details.

Oboegaki can be used in various contexts, such as personal notes to oneself, meeting minutes, or informal records of events and ideas. These notes are typically concise and meant for quick reference, aiding in organization and recall of important points.

FX取引 (FX torihiki) refers to "foreign exchange trading" or "forex trading" in English. This involves the buying and selling of currencies with the aim of making a profit from fluctuations in exchange rates.

In FX torihiki, traders engage in currency pairs, such as USD/JPY or EUR/USD, speculating on whether one currency will rise or fall in value relative to another. The forex market is the largest and most liquid financial market in the world, operating 24 hours a day during the trading week. FX torihiki can be conducted through various platforms and brokers, and it is popular among both individual and institutional investors.