中小企業, known as chusho kigyo in Japanese, refers to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). These businesses are a crucial part of Japan's economy, providing employment and contributing to various industries. SMEs in Japan are defined based on factors such as capital, sales, and the number of employees, which vary across different sectors like manufacturing, retail, and services. They often have fewer resources compared to larger corporations but are known for their flexibility, innovation, and close relationships with local communities. Government support and policies are in place to help these enterprises thrive and compete both domestically and internationally.

仮想通貨マイニング, or kaso tsuka mainingu in Japanese, refers to cryptocurrency mining. This is the process by which new units of cryptocurrency, such as Bitcoin, are created and transactions are verified and added to a blockchain. Miners use powerful computers to solve complex mathematical problems that secure the network and validate transactions. In return for their efforts, miners are rewarded with newly generated cryptocurrency coins. Cryptocurrency mining requires significant computational power and energy consumption, often involving large-scale operations. The practice has gained popularity as cryptocurrencies have risen in value, but it also faces scrutiny due to its environmental impact and regulatory challenges.

資本準備金, pronounced shihon junbikin in Japanese, refers to capital reserve. This is a portion of a company's equity set aside from profits or additional paid-in capital that is not distributed as dividends to shareholders. The purpose of shihon junbikin is to strengthen the financial stability of a company by providing a buffer against future losses or financial challenges.

In Japan, the Commercial Code requires companies to allocate a certain percentage of their profits to the capital reserve, ensuring that they maintain a solid financial foundation. This reserve can be used for various purposes, such as funding expansion, paying off debt, or covering unexpected expenses. By maintaining a capital reserve, companies can demonstrate financial prudence and enhance their ability to weather economic fluctuations.

督促状, pronounced tokusoku-jo in Japanese, refers to a dunning letter or a reminder notice. This is an official document sent by a creditor to a debtor to prompt the payment of an overdue obligation. Typically used in financial and business contexts, tokusoku-jo serves as a formal request for payment and outlines the details of the outstanding debt, including the amount owed, the due date, and any potential penalties for late payment.

The purpose of sending a tokusoku-jo is to encourage the debtor to settle their account promptly and to remind them of their financial responsibility. It is often the first step in a series of escalating actions that a creditor might take to recover the debt, which could eventually lead to legal proceedings if the payment is not made. The tone of a tokusoku-jo can vary from a polite reminder to a more urgent demand, depending on the severity of the overdue payment and the creditor's policies.

締結, pronounced teiketsu in Japanese, refers to the conclusion or execution of an agreement, contract, or treaty. This term is commonly used in legal, business, and diplomatic contexts to describe the formal process of finalizing an agreement between parties. Teiketsu signifies that all parties involved have negotiated the terms, reached a mutual understanding, and formally signed the document, making it legally binding.

年収, pronounced nenshu in Japanese, refers to annual income. This term represents the total amount of money earned by an individual or household over the course of a year. Nenshu includes all sources of income, such as salary, wages, bonuses, dividends, and any other financial gains.

In the context of employment, nenshu typically includes not only the base salary but also any additional compensation like bonuses, overtime pay, and allowances. It is an important metric for assessing an individual's financial status, tax obligations, and eligibility for loans or other financial services.