上告 (jokoku) refers to the process of appealing to the Supreme Court in Japan. It is a legal procedure where a party who is dissatisfied with the decision made by a lower court, such as a district court or high court, seeks a final judgment from the highest court in the country. This type of appeal is typically allowed in cases involving significant legal questions or issues of interpretation of law. The Supreme Court has the authority to review and potentially overturn lower court decisions. However, not all cases are eligible for jokoku; the Supreme Court carefully selects cases that have substantial legal implications or those that require clarification of legal principles. This process ensures that the legal system remains consistent and that judicial precedents are properly established.

希薄 (kihaku) means "thin," "weak," or "dilute" in Japanese. It is used to describe something that lacks density, concentration, or intensity. For example, it can refer to a weak solution in chemistry, thin air at high altitudes, or a lack of strong emotions or relationships. In a social context, kihaku might describe a situation where human connections or bonds are weak or insubstantial. This term can also be applied to describe ideas or arguments that are not well-developed or lack depth. Overall, kihaku conveys the sense of something being less than robust, whether in physical, emotional, or intellectual terms.

変更 (henko) means "change" or "modification" in Japanese. It is used to describe the act of altering something from its original state. This can apply to a wide range of contexts, such as changing plans, modifying documents, or making adjustments to a schedule. In legal or business settings, henko might refer to amendments to contracts, updates to company policies, or revisions of official documents. The concept emphasizes the process of making alterations to improve, update, or correct something. It implies a shift from one condition to another, aiming for a desired outcome or improvement.

訂正 (teisei) means "correction" or "amendment" in Japanese. It refers to the process of fixing errors or making adjustments to something that was previously incorrect or inaccurate. This term is commonly used in various contexts, such as correcting mistakes in documents, revising written content, or updating information. For example, if there is a typo in a published article or an error in a financial report, a teisei would be issued to address and rectify the mistake. The purpose of teisei is to ensure accuracy and clarity, maintaining the integrity of the information being presented.

親族 (shinzoku) means "relatives" or "kin" in Japanese. It refers to family members who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption. This term encompasses a wide range of familial relationships, including immediate family members such as parents, siblings, and children, as well as extended family like grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and in-laws. shinzoku is often used in legal and social contexts to discuss matters involving family rights, inheritance, and obligations. The concept emphasizes the importance of family bonds and the network of relationships that connect individuals within a family unit.

養子 (yoshi) means "adopted child" in Japanese. It refers to a child who has been legally taken into a family different from their biological one, gaining the same rights and status as a biological child within that family. The process of adoption involves legal procedures to ensure that the child's welfare and rights are protected. In Japan, yoshi can also include adult adoption, a practice often used to ensure the continuity of family businesses or inheritances. Adoption creates a formal and permanent parent-child relationship, providing the adopted child with care, support, and familial bonds within their new family.