破産宣告 (hasan senkoku) refers to a "bankruptcy declaration" or "bankruptcy adjudication" in Japanese. It is a legal process whereby a court formally declares an individual or business insolvent, meaning they are unable to pay their debts.

The process of hasan senkoku involves the court determining that the debtor's financial situation is beyond recovery and officially recognizing their bankruptcy status. Once declared bankrupt, the debtor's assets are typically liquidated to repay creditors to the extent possible. This declaration also provides legal protection to the debtor from further collection efforts by creditors.

気配値 (kehaichi) refers to the "bid and ask price" or "quoted price" in Japanese financial markets. It indicates the prices at which buyers are willing to purchase and sellers are willing to sell a particular security, such as stocks, bonds, or other financial instruments.

In a stock market context, the bid price is the highest price a buyer is willing to pay for a security, while the ask price is the lowest price a seller is willing to accept. The kehaichi provides valuable information about the current market demand and supply for a security, helping investors make informed trading decisions.

転換社債 (tenkan shasai) refers to convertible bonds, a type of corporate bond that can be converted into a predetermined number of shares of the issuing company. These bonds are attractive to investors because they offer the potential for equity appreciation while providing the fixed income and lower risk associated with bonds. The issuing company benefits by raising capital with potentially lower interest rates than standard bonds, due to the added value of the conversion option. Typically, convertible bonds have specific terms and conditions regarding the conversion ratio, price, and time period during which the conversion can take place. This financial instrument is often used by companies looking to minimize immediate dilution of shares while still providing an appealing investment option to the market.

取締役 (torishimariyaku) refers to a director in a company, responsible for making significant business decisions and overseeing the overall management and administration of the organization. In Japanese companies, the board of directors, or 取締役会 (torishimariyakukai), consists of multiple directors who collectively make decisions on important corporate matters. The role of a director involves strategic planning, setting company policies, and ensuring compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. Directors are appointed by shareholders and are accountable to them, aiming to protect their interests while steering the company towards growth and profitability. This position requires a high level of responsibility, leadership, and a deep understanding of the business and industry in which the company operates.

法務局 (houmukyoku) refers to the Legal Affairs Bureau in Japan. It is a government agency under the Ministry of Justice, responsible for a wide range of legal and administrative functions. The Legal Affairs Bureau handles matters such as the registration of real estate, commercial and corporate registration, and family registration. It ensures that legal documents and transactions comply with Japanese law, providing a reliable system for property ownership and corporate activities.

Additionally, the houmukyoku offers services related to nationality, civil affairs, and the protection of personal rights. This bureau plays a critical role in maintaining the legal framework within which businesses and individuals operate, ensuring transparency and legal integrity in various transactions and legal matters. For businesses, interactions with the Legal Affairs Bureau are essential for tasks such as incorporating a company, registering changes in corporate structure, and other legal formalities.

前金 (maekin) refers to an advance payment or deposit made before the completion of a transaction or delivery of goods and services. In business transactions, a maekin is typically required to secure the commitment of the buyer and ensure that the seller has some level of financial security. This payment can be a percentage of the total cost or a fixed amount agreed upon by both parties.

For example, when purchasing a product or service, a buyer might be asked to pay a maekin to confirm the order, with the remaining balance due upon delivery or completion. This practice helps manage cash flow, reduce risk, and build trust between the parties involved. In various industries, including real estate, construction, and event planning, maekin is a common and important financial arrangement to ensure that agreements are honored and projects proceed smoothly.